SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Clinical Manifestations and Risk Factors among Healthcare Workers In Palestine

Background: Healthcare workers are the White army compacted the COVID-19 epidemic, and reports worldwide have shown an increase in SARS-CoV-2 among healthcare workers due to their direct interactions with infected patients. This study aimed to examine the clinical manifestations and risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers in Palestine and offer recommendations to ensure health workers' safety and adopt workplace safety policies. Method(s): This questionnaire-based cross-sectional observational study was conducted using an online questionnaire to collect information about SARS-CoV-2 transmission, signs, symptoms, and treatment reported by healthcare workers. Furthermore, we explored policies, protocols, and practices that make health workers vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Result(s): A total of 389 healthcare workers were included, 216 (55.5%) were exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, 173 (44.5%) were infected with the virus, and the prevalence of hospitalization was 16%. The most commonly reported symptoms are fatigue, weakness, and muscle pain. Female healthcare workers experienced a significantly extended duration of symptoms than male workers. Direct contact (working less than 1.5 m) with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients and lack of COVID-19 and PPE training were risk factors for COVID-19 infection among HCWs. Conclusion(s): The healthcare system must ensure a safe work environment and adopt policies and procedures to ensure HCW safety, proper training, and resource availability to cope with crises. Copyright © 2022 Abukhalil et al.

Pre and Present COVID-19 Situation: A Framework of Educational Transformation in South Asia Region

This study is designed to support the development of strategies to recover from the disrupted impact of COVID-19 on HE institutes of the South Asian Region (SAR), as the nations in this region are severely cursed by poverty and unemployment. During the unusual phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, the face-to-face learning method is no longer appropriate, and the crisis leads to force on distance learning instead of physical learning. Like all other educational institutions, HE institutions are also in big trouble. Changes in educational structure change the pattern of academic work, which may have an inverse impact on acquiring knowledge and improving skills. Not only students but also a greater number of teachers at the HE institutions required to continue their service through online during this closure period. However, well digital infrastructure and digital contents appear to be the prime requirements for this educational transmission, which are extensively accessible in SAR countries. By following a mixed-methods strategy, the study specifically examines the impact of the pandemic on higher education in the South Asian Region, with an emphasis on the impact on learners, educators, and institutions, and to identify the measures that have been taken by these countries to survive and continue the education system with all the obstacles of the crisis. It concludes with some vital suggestions that may be applied to mitigate the crisis moment and assist in moving forward with more technological advancements for a new future. © 2023 by the authors. Licensee ESJ, Italy.

ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE GOVERNMENT REVENUES: A STUDY ON INDIVIDUAL TAXPAYERS OF BANGLADESH

Мета. Мета дослфження включае аналiз впливу пандемп коронавфусу на податкову здатнiсть окремих платниюв податюв Бангладеш i його подальший вплив на зб1р державних доходв;аналiз факторiв, пов'язаних 3i здатнiстю сплачувати податки, таких як становище 'хнього нього роботодавця, регуляршсть виплат тощо;пропозицй' уряду. Методика. У цьому дослiдженнi для вибору респондента застосовувалася цшьова методика випадково' вибiрки. Вибiрка дослщження включае фiзичних осiб, яю перебувають у межах податково' мережi та мають сплачувати податок на прибуток уряду. 128 респондента спонтанно взяли участь в опитуванш. Для анализу даних дослщження використовувалися середнi значення, стандартне вщхилення й вiдповiднi статистичнi iнструменти. Для анализу та штерпретацй' результата дослщження було використано програмне забезпечення SPSS. Для в1дображення результата використовувалися статистичнi таблицi. Результати. Основш результати досл1дження показують, що 65,6 % респондентiв сказали, що ik офiцiйна дь яльнiсть сильно постраждала, а iншi 25 % стверджують, що 'хня дiяльнiсть помфно постраждала через пандемiю COVID-19. Дох1д 40,6 % респондентiв дуже сильно постраждав, а дох1д 32,8 % респондента - помфно постраждав. Досл1дження попереджае, що через згубний вплив пандемп COVID-19 на ртень доходiв, обсяг збирання податюв уряду може впасти. Наукова новизна. Досл1дження приходить до висновку, що несприятливi насл1дки пандемп COVID-19 негативно вплинуть на збирання державних доходт, i для подолання цiеi ситуацй' пропонуеться менш регресивна податкова система, що дозволить перекласти податковi зобов'язання на багатих платникiв податк1в. У досль дженнi робиться акцент на шплементацп iснуючого податкового законодавства, щоб мiнiмiзувати ухилення в1д сплати податюв. Практична значишсть. Досл1дження рекомендуе деякi конкретнi пропозицп, що можуть допомогти вщповщним органам у боротьбi iз триваючою пандемiею коронавфусу. Авторами запропоновано внести деяю необхщш корективи до державних видатюв, щоб зменшити тиск на збирання податюв. Уряду було б випдно керувати ситуацию в умовах пандеми COVID-19, якщо врахувати рекомендацй' досл1дження.Alternate abstract:Purpose. The purpose of the study includes analyzing the effects of the Coronavirus pandemic on the taxpaying ability of individual taxpayers of Bangladesh and its subsequent impact on the government revenue collection;analyzing th factors related to the taxpaying ability like the situation of their employer, regularity of payment and so on;suggestions to the policy makers. Methodology. In this study purposive random sampling technique was followed to choose the respondents. The sample of the research includes the individuals who are within the tax net and have to pay income tax to the government. 128 respondents participated in the survey spontaneously. Mean value, standard deviation and related statistical tools were used for analyzing the data in the research. SPSS software was used for analyzing and interpreting the research result. Statistical tables were used to display the outcome. Findings. The major findings of the study suggest that 65.6 % of the respondents said that their official activities have been affected much while other 25 % claimed that their activities have become moderately affected due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Income of 40.6 % of the respondents has already been much affected and income of 32.8 % of the respondents has been moderately affected. The study warns that due to the detrimental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the income level, the government's tax collection may fall. Originality. The study concludes that the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic will negatively affect the government revenue collection and to tackle this situation a less regressive tax system is suggested which will allow shifting tax liability to the rich taxpayers. The study emphases the implementation of the existing tax laws so that tax evasion is minimized. Practical value. The study has recommended some specific recommendations that may help the respective authority in tackling the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. The study suggested making some necessary adjustments in the public expenditure to reduce the pressure on tax collection. It might be beneficial to the government to manage the COVID-19 pandemic if the recommendations of the study are taken into consideration.